Resources
Resources
Here is a collection of the various resources, both internal and external, that we offer you as part of our educational project.
A proposal for adapting the game of Who is it around the protocols of the team to conclude the year:
And to find out what's been happening in the laboratories since March:
Presentations of scientific projects, in text, image and sound!
Do research, yes, but how? There are a number of essential steps when you want to carry out a research project. We wanted to highlight and highlight in these sheets the detail of the protocols of each member of the expedition illustrated with the first images of the field. Indeed, during a project of such magnitude, it may be interesting to highlight the scientific approach that is used by each of the student researchers. This approach makes it possible to obtain rigorous and exploitable results for the analyses.
How did the research students go about carrying out their studies?
Research work is planned in advance, it is carefully prepared and structured in major stages. This makes the work rigorous and reproducible by other people. Of course, this work can be adapted over time, for example if there is a technical problem or the manipulation does not work as expected, but the scientists must then explain and justify any change in the protocol.
Chemistry of microplastics: Olivier's scientific approach
The increasing presence of microplastics in marine ecosystems is a serious threat to biodiversity in these environments. Studying microplastics makes it possible to understand their distribution in the ocean (in this case the Atlantic and Southern oceans) and to know to what extent the Southern Ocean is affected by this pollution .
But how do you measure plastic pollution?
The document with the complete protocol illustrated:
The flowmeter document:
The image bank:
Sociology of science: Margot's scientific approach
Antarctica is a special region of the world, which is mainly reserved for scientific research . Researchers from all countries live and work on bases for several months to analyze the environment. This region of the world is special because governance is international : the territory does not belong to any country, so several countries must agree on the rules that govern this continent. It is also special because the researchers then work in extreme conditions (cold, snow, isolation, etc.). These two reasons make cooperation essential for research.
This starting situation raises questions, because one wonders how it is possible to work in such a particular environmental and geopolitical environment . It was from her first research on the subject that Margot found a problem for her research project: How do researchers work on a scientific basis in extreme conditions?
The document with the complete protocol illustrated - and the riddles:
The image bank:
(sound files to come)
Microbiology: Baptiste's scientific approach
In Antarctica, on the surface of the sea, living beings float in the sea water and are moved by the currents. Invisible to the naked eye, they are born, die, multiply and evolve: these are microplankton . These small microbes play a big role: some are able to capture the CO2 present in seawater and use it to grow. These microbes carry out photosynthesis : they use the energy of light to carry out specific chemical reactions and feed in particular on CO2. But these living beings do not only feed on CO2: they also need other nutrients . Nutrients are all the chemical compounds that are used by living things to sustain themselves.
The document with the complete protocol illustrated - and the riddles:
The document with temperature and latitude data:
Additional files:
Nutrients are abundant in the Southern Ocean. However, some nutrients are less present than others. This is the case with trace metals , such as iron, which Clément studies. These metals are called "traces" because only traces are found in seawater, they are present in very small quantities in seawater compared to other nutrients. On the other hand, they are very important for microbes. Indeed, they are among other things in the composition of the machinery used by microbes to recover CO2 and carry out photosynthesis! It has been shown that in Antarctica, these trace metals limit the growth, biodiversity and abundance of microbes.
Marine biogeochemistry: Clément's scientific approach
Ocean water contains dolphins, fish, algae, … but also microscopic organisms , on which Baptiste is working. We also talk about plankton. To live and reproduce, these small organisms need light, to exchange oxygen and CO2 with their environment, nutrients such as nitrates, but also nutrients in very small quantities, for example iron . They can come from continental rocks, penguin colonies, or be brought by sea currents. These elements can be found in water in the form of free ions but most of the time they are bound to molecules, to form complexes . These molecules that can be made by plankton and end up in the water are called ligands and are essential for ecosystems to use iron. The supply of a nutrient (such as iron), when it is limiting, allows an ecosystem to grow and is called fertilization .
The document with the complete protocol illustrated - and the riddles:
The associated image bank and sound file:
The video referred to in the document:
Biology of penguin populations: Lana's scientific approach
Study the distribution of penguin breeding sites in the Antarctic Peninsula
Antarctica is home to several penguin species . There are four of them: emperor penguins, chinstrap penguins, gentoo penguins and Adelie penguins. These animals, like many species in Antarctica, are threatened by climate change and human impact on ecosystems . For example, rising sea levels as a result of climate change could lead to a decrease in available space. Another example, greater snowmelt could accentuate gullying. All these land modifications could have consequences on the occupation of space by the penguins .
Lana wants to study and predict the impact of climate change on the spatial organization of penguin colonies and interspecific relationships.
The document with the complete protocol illustrated:
Sound activity and necessary sound files:
The associated image bank:
Meteorological phenomena: Niels's scientific approach
Studying the meteorological phenomena at the origin of extreme heat events in Antarctica
Antarctica is the driest continent in the world. Snow and rain precipitation are rare in Antarctica. When it rains, it plays an essential role in the melting phenomena of the continent's surface snow. Niels studies des precipitation caused by a weather event individual called “atmospheric rivers”.
Atmospheric rivers are air currents (moving air) that form atmospheric filaments (narrow air corridors full of water vapour) carrying warm, moist air from low to high latitudes. that is, from the equator to the poles. This phenomenon is associated with aepisode of precipitation (rain and/or snow)particularly intense as well asheat inputwhich leads to arising temperatures. Although rare phenomena in Antarctica, atmospheric rivers have amajor influence on the mass balance of the continent(the mass balance is the calculation of the loss or gain of ice from the continent). Indeed, they generate extreme precipitation and are responsible for part of the melting of surface snow in Antarctica. To understandthe origin and operation of these meteorological phenomenacould lead to a better understanding of the processes ofmelting ice in Antarctica.
The document with the complete protocol illustrated:
©Margot Legal - Just 2 degrees
Bubbles of the interactive map (PDF format)
External educational resources
Here is a panel of resources that are related to the project and made available by our educational partners! In particular, you will find the data of the mission.
Data on the physico-chemical parameters of the water via the buoys released by the mission and the sensors on board the boat: sharing for scientific use
Inventory of educational activities related to our themes
Page specially dedicated to the Antarctic 2.0 ° C project
Sound landscapes: Sound files captured on the boat
In partnership with ADEME , you will find here a selection of files, booklets and videos related to the themes of Antarctica 2.0°C.
around climate change
About plastic pollution